Geographical classification

America > United States

Socio-cultural movements

Late modern period / Contemporary period > Artistic movements since the end of the 19th century > Rationalist architecture / Modern movement

Groups by dedication

Technologists > Architects

Plastic, visual and performing artists > Drawer (drawing)

Character
Imagen

Marion Lucy Mahony Griffin

(Marion Mahony)

Chicago 14-01-1871 ‖ Chicago 10-08-1961

Period of activity: From 1901 until 1947

Geographical classification: America > United States

Socio-cultural movements

Late modern period / Contemporary period > Artistic movements since the end of the 19th century > Rationalist architecture / Modern movement

Groups by dedication

Technologists > Architects

Plastic, visual and performing artists > Drawer (drawing)

Context of feminine creation

American architect and excellent designer Marion always moved in a broad and diverse social environment where there was an important circle of progressive women and men; labor reformers, voters, civic activists and high society women's clubs.

Sophia Hyden was certainly an inspiration to her, having graduated as an architect from MIT five years before Marion. Julia Morgan, also an American architect, was the first woman admitted to the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris and the first woman with an architectural degree in the world who went on to design more than 700 buildings. However, in the US, before them stands out the one who is considered the first professional architect in that country, Louise Blanchard Bethune (1856-1913).

In the field of design and architecture, some from the Bauhaus such as Eileen Gray, Lilly Reich or Marianne Brandt were contemporaries of hers, but also, within the broader modern movement, we find the French Charlotte Perriand, the innovator Anne Tyng or the architect Margarete Schüte. -Lihotzky, who like Mahony, who co-designed the city of Canberra, also designed groups of houses, although Grete Lihotzky's great contribution was the famous Frankfurt kitchen. All of them also stood out in design. For its part, the bauhaus also offered the creation of innovative textile art with Anni Albers, Alma Buscher and Gubnta Stolz as featured artists.

Mahony, like other contemporaries including the great Aino Aalto or Lilly Reich herself, was overshadowed by the presence of her partner.

Review

She was an architect, illustrator, blueprint designer and designer from the United States. She was born in 1871. She was one of the first woman to graduate in architecture from the prestigious Massachusetts Technological Institute. She co-designed the city of Canberra in Australia with her husband and business partner, the architect Walter Burley Griffin.

Activities

Spanish

Justifications

  • Architect from the United States.
  • Illustrator and blueprint designer; she had her own work and contributed to the work of others.
  • She believed that architecture should be at the service of humans and nature.
  • She co-designed the city of Canberra in Australia

Biography

Marion Mahony Griffin worked as a blueprint designer at Frank Lloyd Wright's studio in Oak Park for 14 years.

She was the second woman to graduate in architecture from the MIT in 1894. She belonged to a wide, diverse social group made up of progressive men and women (labour reformists, voters, civil activists, and high society women's clubs), which made it easier for her to find a job. 

In 1902, she received her first commission from reverend James Blake Vila: the new All Saints Church in Evanston.

Marion Mahony started her career as an illustrator, in the studio of her cousin, Dwight Perkins, which made it easier for her to access a male-dominated profession. In 1895, she started working at Frank Lloyd Wright's studio in Oak Park, where she stayed for 14 years as one of the most relevant people there. For that reason, when Wright left for Japan in 1909, she was offered to take over his studio. She declined, but she accepted a job at Hermann von Holst’s studio. She continued the works at the studio and finished the projects, as it is demonstrated by the seals in the drawings and blueprints.

Marion Mahony was one of the main designers at Oak Park. She was in charge of the furniture, murals, stained glass windows, lights and mosaics of the houses that were designed. She created the image of the studio drawings, which were fundamental to identify and individualise the first Wright. The style of her drawings was influenced by Japanese cards, both in composition and technique.

She met her future husband, Walter Burley Griffin, at Wright's studio. Together, they founded her own study. In 1911, they submitted an entry to a competition for the design of the new capital of Australia, Canberra, and they won. In 1914, they moved to Australia to develop the project, one of the most important in her carrer. They influenced each other. Both had a shared interest in landscapes and architecture in balance with nature. They believed in the idea of an ideal civilization, in which everyone lived in houses that were in tune with nature and people. This position brought them, and specially her, to become involved with the Anthroposophy Society, which searched for human creativity and not the destruction of nature.

In 1937, Walter Griffin died in India. Marion came back to the United States where, towards the end of her life, she remained in the background and went through a period of uncertainty at work. She took some minor jobs, but Walter's name was still credited for their work together. Some of these works were developed, but not her last three urban projects. The World Fellowship Center in Conway in 1942, commissioned by Lola M. Lloyd (co-founder with Jane Addams of the  Women's International League for Peace and Freedom). Her second commission, in 1943, was the city of Rosary Crystals, near Boerne, also by Lola Lloyd. It connected with Marion Mahony's interests of only taxes and her anthroposophic vision. And then, there was a last urban project for South Chicago in 1947. All of them stand out for her concern and interest about the design of the environment, and her skill to resolve human design problems, both in details and in the great scheme.

Her artistic skills were extraordinary, both as an architect and an artist. There was a spiritual side to her work, her drawings, her artistic production and her architectural designs; they all have a beautiful, lyrical respect for the natural world. Marion Mahony Griffin was, undoubtedly, one of the founding members of the Prairie School of Architecture (Australia), a top-notch graphic artist in her time, whose sympathy for nature and the environment translated in her architecture.

She died in 1961, cast into oblivion. It has been only in the last few decades that her legacy has been revived by the scholars that look for her work behind the shadow of her husband.

Works


Projects attributed to her, either partially or whole. Some of them were never brought to life.

 

All Souls Church (demolished), Evanston, Illinois (1901)

The Gerald Mahony Residence (demolished), Elkhart, Indiana (1907) 

David Amberg Residence, 573 College Avenue, Grand Rapids, Michigan (1909)

Edward P. Irving Residence, 2 Millikin Place, Decatur, Illinois (1909)

Robert Mueller Residence, 1 Millikin Place, Decatur, Illinois (1909)

Adolph Mueller Residence, 4 Millikin Place, Decatur, Illinois (1910)

Niles Club Company, Club House, Niles, Michigan (1911)

Henry Ford Residence “FairLane” (initial drawing, it was not built) (1913)

Koehne House (demolished 1974), Palm Beach, Florida (1914)

Cooley Residence, Grand St. at Texas Avenue, Monroe, Louisiana

Fern Room, Cafe Australia, Melbourne, Australia (1916)

Capitol Theatre, Swanston Street, Melbourne, Australia (1921-23)

"Stokesay", residence of Mr. & Mrs. Onians, 289 Nepean Highway, Seaford, Victoria, Australia (1925)

Ellen Mower Residence, 12 The Rampart, Castlecrag, Sydney, New South Wales (1926)

Creswick Residence, Castlecrag, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (1926)

S.R. Salter Residence (Knitlock construction), Toorak, Victoria, Australia (1927)

Vaughan Griffin Residence, 52 Darebin St., Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia (1927)

Some of her works are available on this link:

https://www.urbipedia.org/hoja/Marion_Mahony 

Bibliography

Llaback, Sarah (2008). The First American Women Architects. Chicago: University of Illinois Press 
Van Zanten, D. (Ed.). (2011). Marion Mahony Reconsidered. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 
Un día una arquitecta, 15/03/2022, <https://undiaunaarquitecta.wordpress.com/2015/03/25/marion-mahony-1871-1961/> 
 National Library of Australia,15/03/2022, <https://www.nla.gov.au/whats-on/exhibitions/dream-century-griffins-australias-capital> 

Didactic approach

In the subject of history of art as an architect from the first half of the 20th century, within organic architecture.

In history, as a model of women who were pioneers in their outstanding role as  architects. 

Plastic and Visual Expression

Architecture and Design.

Documents