Geographical classification

Europe > France

Socio-cultural movements

Late modern period / Contemporary period > Feminism

Historical milestones > Interwar period

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Scientists > Physicists

Writers > in > French

Character
Rostro

Irène Joliot-Curie

París (Francia) 12-09-1897 ‖ París (Francia) 17-03-1956

Period of activity: From 1914 until 1956

Geographical classification: Europe > France

Socio-cultural movements

Late modern period / Contemporary period > Feminism

Historical milestones > Interwar period

Groups by dedication

Scientists > Physicists

Writers > in > French

Context of feminine creation

She was preceded by pre-17th century alchemists, including Marie le Jars de Gournay (1565-1645) and Marie Meurdrac (1610-1680). By the Englishwoman Katherine Boyle Lady Ranelagh (1615-1691), the chemist Marie Anne Paulze (1758-1836), known as Mme. Lavoisier in France, the chemist Julia Lermontova (1847-1919), pioneer of the periodic table in Rusia.

Some contemporaries are the English pioneers in chemistry Ida Freund (1863-1914) and Kathleen Culhane Lathbury (1900-1993) and the Austrian Rose Stern (1891-1962). Also, Stefanie Horovitz (1877-1942), a Polish Jewish chemist known for her experimental work demonstrating the existence of isotopes, Norwegian radiochemist Ellen Gleditsch (1879-1968), nuclear chemists Ada Florence Remfry Hitchins (1891-1972), British, Elizabeth Rona (1890-1981), of Hungarian origin, known for her work with radioactive isotopes and polonium separation methods, Harriet Brooks (1876-1933), Canadian nuclear physicist and expert in nuclear transmutations.

Irène is part of the genealogy of women scientists who trace their origins to her mother Marie-Sklodowska Curie (1867-1934) and who participated in the origin of nuclear science. Some chemists in this genealogy are: Marguerite Perey (1909-1975), French chemist and physicist assistant and close collaborator of Marie Curie, who discovered francium; Ida Noddack (1896-1978), German chemical engineer who discovered rhenium with her husband in 1925, and the first person who proposed the idea the nuclear fission; and Lise Meitner (1878-1968), Austrian physicist and co-discoverer of the element protactinium and nuclear fission.

In the field of radioactivity, at the beginning of the 20th century, the presence of women scientists was notorious. A large number of them worked at the Institut du Radium in Paris or at the Institute for Radium Research in Vienna.

In addition to the aforementioned Marguerite Perey, up tu 45 women worked at the Institut du Radium in Paris: French women, such as Irène herself, Lucie Blanquies, who published 2 articles in Le Radium in 1909, and Éliane Montel (1898-1993); the Russian-Ukrainian Catherine Chamié (1888-1950); the Polish Sonia Slobodkine Cotelle (1896-1945); the Canadian Harriet Brooks (1876-1933); the Norwegian Ellen Gleditsch (1879-1968); the Swedish Eva Ramstdet (1879-1974); the British Mary Sybil Leslie (1887-1937) and the Polish Jadwiga Szmidt (1889-1940). At the Institute for Radium Research in Vienna between 1914 and 1934, more than a third were women: the Austrian physicists Marietta Blau (1894-1970) and Stefanie Horovitz (1887-1942); the Hungarian Elizabeth Rona (1890-1981) and the Bulgarian Elizabeth Kara-Michailova (1897-1968). In addition, special mention should be made of the young women researchers who worked at the beginning of the 20th century in nuclear science in different research institutes, such as those already mentioned in Vienna and Paris, and, in Montreal, at McGill University with Ernest Rutherford; the American Fanny Cook Gates (1872-1931) and the Canadian Harriet Brooks (1876-1933), who also worked at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge with J. J. Thomson, where the Englishwoman Jesse M. W. Slater (1879-1966) did research. J. Thomson, where the Englishwoman Jesse M. W. Slater (1879-1961) and, at the Universities of Chicago and Cambridge, the Canadian Elisabeth R. Laird (1874-1969) did research. These works were complemented by other contributions: Berta Karlik (1904-1990), in Austria, who discovered isotopes of astatine in 1941; Maria Göppert-Mayer (1906-1972), German physicist and Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963 for the layered model of the atomic nucleus; and Chien-Shiung Wu (1912-1997), Chinese-born American physicist, who experimentally proved the hypothesis on the violation of parity by weak nuclear interactions.

Irène was also a contemporary of Rosalind Elsie Franklin (1920-1958), British chemist and crystallographer whose work was fundamental to understanding the molecular structures of DNA, RNA, viruses, carbon and graphite; English engineer, mathematician and physicist Hertha Ayrton (1854-1923); and mathematicians Emmy Noether (1882-1935) and Hilda Geiringer (1893-1973).

Review

Irene Joliot-Curie (1897-1956), physicist and chemist, daughter of Pierre and Marie Curie, worked with her mother on the application of X-rays in medicine during World War I. She was awarded with the Nobel Prize in 1935 in cooperation with her husband Jean Fréderic Joliot for their studies on radioactivity and the synthesis of radioactive isotopes. In 1936 she was appointed Undersecretary of State for Scientific Research, and the following year she became a professor at the Sorbonne.

Activities

English

Spanish

Justifications

  • She carried out important studies on atomic structure and natural and artificial radioactivity.
  • Her studies led to the synthesis of artificial isotopes.
  • Introduced X-rays as a diagnostic test in medicine.

Biography

Irène Joliot-Curie was a French physico-chemist, daughter of Pierre and Marie Curie. She won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry jointly with her husband, Jean Frédéric Joliot, in 1935, for their research into the synthesis of new radioactive elements. The two studied chain reactions and the requirements for the successful construction of a nuclear reactor using controlled nuclear fission to generate energy using uranium and heavy water.

At the age of eleven she was already studying advanced mathematics, and at thirteen she travelled alone and spent long periods of time with Marie's close friends while Marie lectured at different universities or was isolated in the laboratory. At the Sevigné teaching institute, she excelled so well in mathematics and physics that she was allowed to teach these subjects to her classmates. Three years later, at the outbreak of the First World War, she entered the Sorbonne to study mathematics and physics, while also enrolling in a nursing course. By then, Marie referred to her as "her companion and friend" and took her to the front where she had deployed a fleet of sixty portable X-ray units, known as "the little Curies". She came of age by training nurses to take her place when she moved to another battlefield position. The next posting was to Amiens. There she taught herself to repair X-ray apparatus, gaining a remarkable technical expertise. She returned to Paris in 1916 to teach an X-ray course at the new Edith Cavell Hospital and re-enrolled at the Sorbonne, graduating with honours in mathematics and physics. In 1920 he joined the Curie laboratory at the Radium Institute of the University of Paris, dedicated to research and teaching of radioactivity, as an assistant. She focused his early research on atomic phenomena and based her doctoral thesis on the study of alpha particles (helium-4 nuclei) emitted by a polonium source. She presented it in 1925 under the title: "Recherches sur les rayons alfa du polonium, oscillation de parcours, vitesse d'émission, pouvoir ionisant".

Irène married Frédéric on 26 October 1926. In 1927, three years before Frédéric read his thesis, they had Hélène and shortly afterwards Irène contracted tuberculosis. Their scientific collaboration focused on the study of radioactive emissions. They were attracted by the research that Rutherford's group was carrying out at the Cavendish laboratory, and they had 200 millicuries of Polonium, the most powerful source of alpha rays, to carry it out.

The Joliot-Curie family had the discovery of the neutron at their fingertips but failed to recognise it. And, unfortunately, it was not the only Nobel Prize they saw passing under their noses. Nor did they identify the existence of a new type of particle, the positron, like the electron but with a positive charge, which had already been proposed in 1931 and was discovered that same year by Carl David Anderson.

The year was 1933 and success was about to knock on their door. At the time, the couple was focused on studying the desintegrations of polonium. They knew that it was an alpha emitter and wondered whether, like other radioactive atoms, it also emitted beta radiation (electrons). To check this, they placed an aluminium foil to stop the alpha particles before they reached the detector. The latter consisted of a fog chamber which, by means of a magnetic field created by an electromagnet, would bend the trajectory of the beta particles, making it possible to identify them. The first experiment gave surprising results: not only electrons were detected, but also protons and positrons. The presence of protons could easily be explained by a known reaction, the transition of aluminium to silicon. The alpha particle absorbed by aluminium-27 produces silicon-30 plus a proton. What they didn't know was what the positrons were doing there, and to find out they started by substituting the material used as an alpha particle absorber. They observed that, when a film of paraffin, silver or lithium was interposed, they did not detect positrons, whereas in the case of boron they did. Therefore, the origin of the positrons was not to be found in polonium; the phenomenon only appeared when certain absorbers were used. The first hypothesis was that the transition from aluminium to silicon, apart from the positron mentioned above, could also result in the emission of a neutron and a positron. In both cases, the electric charge was retained. To verify the second possibility, they modified the device to allow simultaneous detection of the neutron and positron.

Artificial radioactivity was born, and the Joliot-Curie couple was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1935. The prize money enabled them to move to Sceaux, where they received their friends on Sunday afternoons. Irène, unlike Marie, always put her obligations as a mother before everything else, believing that motherhood was the most incredible experience she ever had. In 1936, as a result of the Nobel prize, Irène was appointed Undersecretary of State for Scientific Research and, the following year, she was given a professorship at the Sorbonne. Frédéric, for his part, was elected professor at the Collège de France in 1937 and left the laboratory of the Radium Institute to set up his own laboratory, where he built the first cyclotron in Western Europe.

The discovery that artificial radioactivity could be produced by humankind was a major breakthrough in the medical applications of ionising radiation. The Joliot-Curie family, as is clear from their Nobel Prize acceptance speech, had already anticipated the possibilities of their discovery in the field of medicine:

"The diversity of the chemical natures, the diversity of the half-lives of these synthetic radioelements, will undoubtedly allow new research in biology and physico-chemistry".

<https://mujeresconciencia.com/2016/05/30/irene-y-frederic-joliot-curie-radiactividad-a-la-carta/>(Last access 17/08/2023)

Works


Recherches sur les rayons alfa du polonium, oscillation de parcours, vitesse d’émission, pouvoir ionisant (1925).

“Artificial Production of a New Kind of Radio-Element",  Nature, (1934)  nº 133, pp.  201–202.

 

 

 

Bibliography

Jacquemond, Louis-Pascal (2014). Irène Joliot-Curie: Biographie. Paris: Odile Jacob.

Kremer-Lecointre, Annabelle (2021). Femmes de science: à la rencontre de 14 chercheuses d'hier et d'aujourd'hui. Paris: Editions de La Martinière Jeunesse. 

Didactic approach

Physics and chemistry. In history, it can be introduced to comment on the use of radioactive isotopes in dating archaeological artefacts. In biology, to learn about the effects of radioactivity on health and its use in diagnostic tests.

Documents