Originally regent of her son Vaballathus, she was later empress and one of the women who faced, like Cleopatra, Dido or Boudica, the power of Rome.
Reseña
Zenobia was born in 240 AD in Palmyra. It is said that she was cultured and that she spoke all the languages of the East. She was the second wife of Odaenathus, proclaimed Imperator and Restorer of the East. After his assassination, Zenobia became the regent of her son Vaballathus. Zenobia focused her policy on recovering trade through the Red Sea and expanding her territories in Syria, as far as Anatolia to the north and Egypt to the south. When Aurelian offered Vaballathus honours that involved recognising Rome's authority, Zenobia objected and confronted Aurelian.
She protected writers and artists, she devoted herself to philosophy in her retirement in Rome and had the Athenian philosopher Cassius Dionysus Longinus as a counselor and pedagogue for her children.
España > Cultura Clásica > 4º ESO > Raíces clásicas del mundo actual. Historia y evolución sociopolítica
Justificaciones
Empress who challenged the Roman Empire.
Leader of the Palmyrene Empire.
Biografía
Zenobia was born in 240 AD in Palmyra. Legend describes her as the daughter of the Roman governor of the Syrian province, Julius Aurelius Zenobius, and an Egyptian slave. Nevertheless, it is most likely that she was a member of the nobility of Palmyra, and of Arab origin.
Described as brave, ambitious, arrogant, conquering, fighter and leader, of great beauty, with dark skin, white teeth and intelligent and penetrating eyes, she was a highly cultured woman who mastered all the languages of the East. She was said to be a descendant of Cleopatra VII, whose dynasty ruled Egypt for 300 years, until the defeat of Cleopatra and Marco Antonio in 30 BC against Rome. Cassius Dionysus Longinus (Athenian philosopher) was the pedagogue of her children and her personal adviser.
Odaenathus, her husband, was honored by Rome and proclaimed Imperator and Restorer of all the East. He was assassinated in 267 AD along with his eldest son. Hence, Zenobia was appointed regent for her son Vaballathus. She focused on bringing back trade; Zenobia conquered the territories of Syria, reaching Anatolia from the north and Egypt from the south, expanding trade through the Red Sea. Aurelian offered Vaballathus all the honors that had been granted to his father, which implied recognizing Rome's authority over Palmyra, and Zenobia rejected the proposal, recalling that "queen Cleopatra had preferred to die rather than live in humiliation", thus defying Aurelian.
Zenobia fell trying to cross the Euphrates river and here came her legendary end: according to some versions, she was captured by Aurelian, taken to Rome where she had to parade, weighed down with gold chains, in the triumph celebrated by Aurelian. According to other versions, she went on a hunger strike until she met her end, and others assure that she was assassinated by order of Aurelian.
Chronology:
-In 267 AD Zenobia ascends the throne of Palmyra after the murder of Odaenathus and his son Hairan.
-From 268-269 AD, Zenobia proclaims the city of Palmyra independent of Rome and conquers several territories.
-In 270 AD, Zenobia extends her power throughout Syria and Mesopotamia. She embellishes its capital and protects numerous writers and artists.
-From 271-272 AD Aurelian defeats Zenobia at Emesa and besieges Palmyra. The queen is captured and taken to Rome.
Obras
Bibliografía
-Blánquez Pérez, Carmen (2003). "Palmira, la ciudad de las caravanas", Historia Nacional Geographic, nº 48, pp. 68-81.
-Hernández de la Fuente, David (2012). "Palmira, el reino de Zenobia", Historia Nacional Geographic, nº 111, pp. 44-53.
-Department of Ancient Near Eastern Art (2000). “Palmyra.” In Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, (retrieved on 10/04/2022) <http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/palm/hd_palm.htm>
-Pavón Pilar (dir.) (2022). “Exposición Virtual: 250 mujeres de la antigua Roma” en Conditio feminae I: Marginación y visibilidad de la mujer en el Imperio Romano. University of Seville, (retrieved on 21/11/2022), <https://grupo.us.es/conditiofeminae/index.php/2022/03/30/189-zenobia/>
Enfoque Didáctico
-Classical culture: Block Classical roots of today's world. History and socio-political evolution; Block Classical roots of today's world. Everyday life.
-Latin 4th ESO: Block The present of Latin civilisation.
-Latin Baccalaureate: Block Ancient Rome.
-History 1st ESO: Block Societies and territories, referring to Rome.
Documentos
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